達爾文認爲:「如果我們看每一種生物都是一種不知名的生物的後代,那麼它的親本及所有過渡物種應該被新的更完美的新種消滅了。製造新種的同時就消滅了舊種。」(Hence, if we look at each species as descended from some other unknown form, both the parent and all the transitional varieties will generally have been exterminated by the very process of formation and perfection of the new form.)¹¹⁴
20世紀中葉,美國加州大學伯克利分校著名動物學家、遺傳學家理查德‧戈德施米特教授(Prof. Dr. Richard Goldschmidt, 1878—1958)這樣評論:「沒有人通過微突變的積累成功地生產出一個新物種。達爾文進化論的自然選擇理論從來沒有任何證據可證明,但卻被普遍接受。」「通過微進化不可能形成任何新物種。」「微觀進化 (物種內的變化) 的事實不足以理解宏觀進化(從一個物種到另一個物種的理論上的變化)。」(It is good to keep in mind … that nobody has ever succeeded in producing even one new species by the accumulation of micromutations. Darwin』s theory of natural selection has never had any proof, yet it has been universally accepted. It』s impossible by micro-mutation to form any new species. The facts of microevolution [change within the species] do not suffice for an understanding of macroevolution [theorized change from one species to another].)¹¹⁵
達爾文在1860年給「美國植物學之父」阿薩‧格雷¹²¹(Asa Gray, 1810—1888)的一封信中寫道:「關於(物種起源的)弱點我同意。直到今天,眼睛讓我不寒而慄,但當我想到那些衆所周知的細微差別時,我的理智告訴我──我應該克服它。」(About weak points [of the Origin] I agree. The eye to this day gives me a cold shudder, but when I think of the fine known gradations, my reason tells me I ought to conquer the cold shudder.)¹²²
達爾文承認,眼睛的複雜性讓他感到震撼,承認眼睛是進化論的一個難題。他在《物種起源》中寫道:「眼睛有調節焦距、允許不同採光量和糾正球面像差和色差的無與倫比的設計。我坦白地承認,認爲眼睛是通過自然選擇而形成的假說,似乎是最荒謬可笑的。」(Organs of extreme perfection and complication. — To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible degree.)¹²³
《物種起源》第六章講述「理論的難題」,達爾文在「極其完美和複雜的器官」這一節中寫道:「……那麼自然選擇可以形成完美而複雜的眼睛,這是難以令人相信的,其實是我們無法想像的,也很難被看作是真實的。」( ……then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, can hardly be considered real.)¹²⁹
貝赫曾說:「面對現代生物化學所發現的細胞的巨大複雜性,科學界陷入癱瘓。沒有一個哈佛大學、美國國立衛生研究院或美國國家科學院的科學家,也沒有一個諾貝爾獎獲得者──根本沒有任何一個人能詳細說明細菌的纖毛、人的視力或血液凝固是如何產生的,或者任何複雜的生化過程是如何以達爾文主義的方式發展出來的。但我們人類存在在這裏,植物和動物存在在這裏,複雜的系統存在在這裏,所有這些東西都以某種方式來到這裏。那麼如果不是以達爾文主義的方式,那又是如何發生的?」(In the face of the enormous complexity that modern biochemistry has uncovered in the cell, the scientific community is paralyzed. No one at Harvard University, no one at the National Institutes of Health, no member of the National Academy of Sciences, no Nobel prize winner—no one at all can give a detailed account of how the cilium, or vision, or blood clotting, or any complex biochemical process might have developed in a Darwinian fashion. But we are here. Plants and animals are here. The complex systems are here. All these things got here somehow: if not in a Darwinian fashion, then how?)¹³⁰
著名分子生物學家、微生物學家、澳大利亞墨爾本理工大學伊恩‧麥克裏迪教授(Prof. Dr. Ian Macreadie)曾經說過:「進化論認爲一切都會改善,而我卻看到一切都在崩潰。基因被破壞、突變(DNA每代複製時會出現錯誤)導致遺傳性疾病,繼而讓社區負擔不斷增加。所有一切在初始時都是被精心設計的。」(Evolution would argue for things improving, whereas I see everything falling to pieces. Genes being corrupted, mutations [mistakes as DNA is copied each generation] causing an increasing community burden of inherited diseases. All things were well designed initially.)¹³¹
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